SW of PRUM (DE)

Earthquake3 September 1986

Magnitude
1.9ML
Depth
13.5km ± 8.0
Belgian time
03:54:251986-09-03
UTC
01:54:251986-09-03

Main parameters

Magnitude and intensity

Two numbers often confused, with the values of this earthquake and of the Observatory’s catalogue.

Preparing the animation…

1Magnitude: the size of the earthquake

The magnitude (ML 1.9) measures the size of the earthquake at its source, from the amplitude of the waves recorded by seismographs: a single value for the whole earthquake. Since 1985, 80 % of the 3,122 earthquakes with a magnitude in the Observatory’s catalogue have a smaller one.

Animation drawn from the page and the Observatory’s catalogue (tectonic earthquakes since 1985, ML or MW magnitudes); short descriptions of the European Macroseismic Scale EMS-98.

Date and time1986-09-03 01:54:25 UTC
1986-09-03 03:54:25 Belgian time
MagnitudeML 1.9
Epicentral coordinates50.123° N, 6.269° E
Uncertainty ± 1.7 km
Depth of hypocenter13.5 ± 8.0 km
Event IDROB 698

Data source : ROB (Royal Observatory of Belgium)
Last update : 2009-05-30 18:17:43 Belgian time

Location map

Where and when the earthquake began

The focus, the epicentre and their uncertainties, with this earthquake’s values.

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1Focus and epicentre

An earthquake starts at depth, at the focus (or hypocentre): here 13.5 km below the surface. The point on the surface right above it is the epicentre (50.123° N, 6.269° E), the one the map shows.

Values from the page and the Observatory’s catalogue (tectonic earthquakes since 1985).

  • Epicentre
  • Station that recorded the event

Seismic activity in the area

Known earthquakes around the epicentre, from the catalogue of the Royal Observatory of Belgium.

Within 10 km of the epicentre

3 other earthquakes in the catalogue since 1978. 2 of them occurred after this one. By magnitude, it is the 3rd largest of the 4 earthquakes of known magnitude in the area.

Latest earthquakes before this one

DatePlaceMagnitudeIntensityDistance km
1978-10-07PRUMML 2.6–7.7

Largest known earthquakes

DatePlaceMagnitudeIntensityDistance km
1978-10-07PRUMML 2.6–7.7
2026-10-13HECKHUSCHEID (DE)ML 2.4–8.0
1986-09-03This earthquakeML 1.9––
1997-04-22SEVENIG (DE)ML 1.7–6.8

Nearest beyond 10 km

DatePlaceMagnitudeIntensityDistance km
1987-12-17GRAND DUCH.LUXEMB.ML 1.9–11.2
1998-11-10HIMMIGHOFEN (DE)ML 1.2–11.8
1999-09-12NOERTERSHAUSEN (DE)ML 0.8–11.8
2000-05-10PLAIDT (DE)ML 1.2–11.8
2012-03-18REULAND (BE)ML 1.3–12.7
Notes and method

Tectonic and induced earthquakes from the Observatory’s catalogue, suspected ones included; quarry blasts, explosions and other events are not counted. Epicentral distances on the WGS84 ellipsoid.

Municipality: 2025 municipal boundaries (Statbel), applied to every earthquake, including those before the merger of municipalities. For an epicentre outside Belgium, only the circular area is given. Each earthquake’s name is the catalogue’s: it may refer to a place near the epicentre.

Magnitude: the one given on each earthquake’s page (ML preferably, otherwise MW or MS); magnitudes of different types are compared as they are.

The epicentres of historical earthquakes are only known to within a few kilometres, sometimes more: whether they fall in the area is indicative. Small earthquakes have only been recorded as the station network grew: the area’s older earthquakes are mostly the largest ones, and recent activity looks more frequent.

When the area holds fewer than 5 other earthquakes, the nearest ones beyond 10 km are listed too, up to 100 km. Sequences (aftershocks, swarms) take a single row there, that of their largest earthquake: an earthquake joins a sequence if it occurs at most 7 days after the previous one and within 5 km of the first.

Arrival times at the stations

How is an earthquake located?

Using the P and S waves measured for this earthquake.

Preparing the animation…

1Two waves leave the focus

When the earthquake occurs, two waves leave the focus, 14 km deep. The P wave, the fastest, travels at about 7.9 km/s; the S wave at about 4.4 km/s. These are the average speeds that best match this earthquake’s measurements.

Animation drawn from the arrivals measured for this earthquake and the speeds of the chart; only stations within 120 km are shown, and the circles are drawn at the surface.

Each station first records the P wave, the fastest, then the S wave. The farther a station is from the epicentre, the later the waves reach it and the wider the gap between the two.

Stations
18
Epicentral distance
51.8 – 257.7km
Mean velocity, P wave
7.9km/s
Mean velocity, S wave
4.4km/s
  • P wave
  • S wave
  • Curve fitted to the measurements
Notes and method

Curves: travel time of a direct wave in a homogeneous medium. The velocity of each wave and an origin-time shift, common to both, are fitted to the measurements by least squares. Hypocenter at a depth of 13.5 km. P wave: 14 measurements, root-mean-square deviation 1.45 s. S wave: 10 measurements, root-mean-square deviation 3.06 s.

Stations farther than 120 km are left out of the fit: the first waves to reach them have travelled beneath the crust, through the mantle, where they propagate faster.

Table of measurements

Station measurements

P- and S-wave arrivals and ground displacement measured at each station. Click a column heading to change the order.

km°UTCUTCs
Belgian seismic network (Royal Observatory of Belgium)5 stations
WLFWalferdange51.818901:54:34.70+9.43 s01:54:41.00+15.73 s6.30
MEMSMembach57.134101:54:35.12+9.85 s01:54:41.24+15.97 s6.12
STISart Tilman71.631601:54:37.66+12.39 s––
DOUDourbes119.826901:54:45.30+20.03 s01:54:58.90+33.63 s13.60
SNFSeneffe147.828801:54:49.80+24.53 s––
Bensberg seismic network (University of Cologne, Germany)4 stations
KLLKalltalsperre58.3301:54:36.30+11.03 s01:54:42.00+16.73 s5.70
STBSteinbachtalsperre66.33801:54:36.50+11.23 s––
BGGBurg Eltz76.88301:54:38.30+13.03 s01:54:46.30+21.03 s8.00
BNSBensberg113.53401:54:44.50+19.23 s01:54:58.80+33.53 s14.30
Network LDG2 stations
HAUHAUDOMPRE235.617901:55:04.00+38.73 s––
BSFBALLON SERVANCE257.717101:55:08.00+42.73 s––
Dutch seismic network (KNMI)1 station
ENNEPEN (Intl)75.734101:54:39.00+13.73 s01:54:47.30+22.03 s8.30
Network FR1 station
ABHAlteburg95.510601:54:42.20+16.93 s––
Network JCK1 station
GSHGrosshau68.6701:54:37.20+11.93 s01:54:45.10+19.83 s7.90
Network KRW1 station
BUHBUEHLERHOEHE214.813801:54:59.50+34.23 s––
Network not specified3 stations
BIRBoering73.612901:54:38.50+13.23 s––
ELGlasserg76.98301:54:38.30+13.03 s01:54:46.20+20.93 s7.90
GESDglees113.83701:54:38.50+13.23 s01:54:46.60+21.33 s8.10
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